Everything about Structural Isomer totally explained
Structural isomerism, or
constitutional isomerism, is a form of
isomerism in which
molecules with the same
molecular formula have
atoms bonded together in different orders, as opposed to
stereoisomerism.
Three categories of constitutional isomers are skeletal, positional, and functional isomers.
In
skeletal isomerism, or
chain isomerism, components of the (usually carbon) skeleton are distinctly re-ordered to create different structures. For example
3-methylpentane is a chain isomer of
2-methylpentane.
Pentane exists as three isomers:
n-pentane,
isopentane and
neopentane. The number of skeletal isomers of an
n-carbon
alkane is documented at .
In
position isomerism a
functional group changes position on the chain. In the diagram,
pentan-2-ol has become
pentan-3-ol. Many
aromatic isomers exist because substituents can be positioned on different parts of the benzene ring. Only one isomer of
phenol or hydroxybenzene exists but
cresol or methylphenol has three isomers where the additional methyl group can be placed on three different positions on the ring.
Xylenol has one hydroxyl group and two methyl groups and a total of 6 isomers exist.
In
functional group isomerism a functional group splits up and becomes a different group.
Here is an example of functional group isomerism: take
cyclohexane, C
6H
12 and
1-Hexene, also C
6H
12. These two are considered functional group isomers because cyclohexane is an
alkane and 1-Hexene is an
alkene. Both must have the same
molecular formula.
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